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Fairness and Freedom: A History of Two Open Societies: New Zealand and the United States
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Amazon.com Review
Take a Look Inside Fairness and Freedom How do we explain differences in relations between Europeans and native peoples in America and New Zealand? Part of the answer lies with the enlightenment-inspired leader Captain James Cook, who regarded all people as sharing a common humanity. How to create a society that offered equitable opportunities to people in search of land? The American solution: continuous acquisition of land to reconcile freedom and liberty with an idea of equity. An example is this broadside for new lands in Iowa and Nebraska (1872). Betty Friedan gave the new feminism a depth of purpose in her extraordinary book, The Feminine Mystique (1963), which centered on an old "problem that has no name" and a new goal of "raising consciousness" among women. To traditional ideas of liberty and freedom it added the idea of psychological liberation. A pivot point in the history of racism was World War II. Under heavy pressure from Afro-American leaders, Franklin Roosevelt issued an executive order banning racial discrimination in war industries. The result was a revolution in economic opportunity, for those welders in New Britain, Connecticut, 1943, and millions of others.
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Product details
Hardcover: 656 pages
Publisher: Oxford University Press; 1 edition (February 10, 2012)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0199832706
ISBN-13: 978-0199832705
Product Dimensions:
9.4 x 2 x 6.5 inches
Shipping Weight: 2.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.0 out of 5 stars
24 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#588,800 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
Fairness and Freedom combines four of my favorite subjects: language, political theory, history, and the durability and importance of cultural mores. Fischer looks at the United States and New Zealand through the prism of what Fischer sees as foundational values of the respective societies--the vernacular ideas of liberty in the US and fairness in New Zealand. Fischer draws on his earlier works, Albion's Seed (e.g., he repeatedly references Rawl's mixed north-south Maryland heritage while discussing Rawlsian political theory) and especially Liberty and Freedom, but Fairness and Freedom is something unique, the first book to be published on the history of fairness.Fischer is careful with his language, as should be expected from a historian who already wrote a book entitled Liberty and Freedom. Liberty, freedom, fairness, equity, and justice all have distinct meanings. "Liberty is about the rights and responsibilities of independence and autonomy. Freedom is about the rights and responsibilities of belonging to a community of other free people." On the other hand, "[f]airness...exists in the eye of the beholders--unlike justice, which refers to an external standard of law, or equity, which implies an external and even empirical test of being even, straight, or equal by some objective measure." (For simplicity's sake, I'll stick to liberty and fairness throughout my review.)This dichotomy is in part a sort of linguistic-cultural founder effect--liberty was more common in British usage and played a greater role in the debates of the day during colonization of America, likewise for fairness during colonization of New Zealand. Readers of Fischer's previous work, Albion's Seed, will be well aware of American colonists' views on liberty. These founding ideas were affected by and in turn amplified by contact with the respective indigenous populations. The massive American frontier also played a role in the divergence. America and New Zealand went on to have dramatically different experiences with immigration, the women's movement, racism, and the Progressive movement. Fischer addresses each in depth. These sections are in general excellent short summaries of important chapters in American and Kiwi history.The freedom and fairness paradigm is particularly evident in foreign policy. America has from its founding pursued a largely unilateral course while New Zealand has always been a strong proponent of multilateralism. One could argue that these approaches were inevitable for the world's largest economy and a very small and vulnerable one, but America was acting unilaterally in foreign policy long before it became the world's largest economy and New Zealand was much more aggressive in pushing multilateralism than it needed to be. I found New Zealand's actions during and in the run up to WWII to be particularly strong examples of its commitment to multilateralism. While Europeans appeased and Americans willfully ignored, Kiwis pushed for an aggressive response to Italian and Japanese belligerence. When war broke out, they made the shocking decision to leave most of their troops in the Middle East, judging Germany to be the greater threat and relying on Australia and the United States to wage war in the South Pacific. Obvious differences in approach between the two allies persisted during the Cold War. New Zealand's "leaders spoke eloquently of international justice and the rule of law. The purposes of the United States were case more in terms of a struggle for liberty and freedom against a Communist aggressor."Fischer rounds the bases with the Great Depression, the military, and reform and restructuring. The New Deal surely represented a turning point in the role of the federal government in America, but Fischer shows us that its expansion during the Great Depression did not remotely compare to that of New Zealand, which became one of the most socialistic countries in the world during that period. America and New Zealand have different military traditions and experienced different patterns of reform and restructuring (although government reform in both cases curiously came from the left).The format is not quite the drag on Freedom and Fairness it was on Albion's Seed but ,devoted to a methodical approach, Fischer sometimes both veers from his thesis and resorts to regurgitating textbook history. The section on the Progressive movement in the US is particularly disappointing from this perspective. He does little to demonstrate just how antithetical to American ideas of liberty it was, how it co-opted (or did not co-opt) the language of liberty and freedom, and how opposition to the Progressive movement was rooted in concepts and used the language of liberty and freedom. The Progressive movement's abhorrent record on race and gender gets a single throwaway line.Fairness and Freedom ends with a summary of the virtues and vices of liberty and freedom (in America) and fairness (in New Zealand). For example, Fischer criticizes the opposition to all new taxes in the name of liberty in America and the Tallest Poppy Syndrome in New Zealand. But Fischer sees liberty and fairness less as opposites than as "two ideas that are useful as ways of reinforcing each other." He thinks Americans would do well to add another splash of fairness to their healthy dose of liberty and likewise with New Zealand and liberty and fairness.The notes, etc. take up over 40% of the Kindle version. They include: an appendix (discussing scholarly work on fairness in other fields), notes, list of maps, list of illustrations, acknowledgments, index (indexed to the print version). Fairness and Freedom is heavily illustrated--the list of illustrations is 20 pages long in Kindle version. Unfortunately, the maps are usually quite hard to read.
Fischer’s argument that because New Zealand politicians talk a lot about “fairness†shows some societal dedication to being fair shows the intellectual depth of a seven year old, like a politician would never couch pandering as fairness. Fischer acknowledges himself that fairness “is in the eye of the beholder†yet can’t intellectually anticipate how a governments imposition of one man’s (or groups or majorities’) view of fairness can be inherently unfair. Thats how he can worship FDR, the man that interred millions of U.S. citizens, or woodrow wilson, a racist and devout segregationist, as icons of fairness, while other fair people may disagree. Another example fischer gives for America’s unfairness? the navy seal motto “never fight fair.†Is it “fair†to send a soldier into battle trained and equipped and supported less than optimally so as to “fight fair†with a weaker opponent? The idea is absurd. Fischer acknowledges that fairness can change by perspective and circumstance. Thats why we strive for equality under the law, and leave notions of fairness (as fischer defines it) to free people to decide. Certainly we can all agree that America has fallen short of this lofty goal at times and perhaps always will. It is also why perfect fairness can never be achieved in America OR New Zealand, because ultimately fairness counts on all of us being fair to everyone from all perspectives at all times, an impossible task for inherently imperfect people.
What I liked: Fischer compiled a well organized "compare and contrast" between the development of the US and NZ. From that, I learned a lot about NZ in both an absolute and relative sense. As a first time visitor to the country, that provided a very good backdrop for the trip.What I didn't: The framework ("NZ = fairness and US = freedom") became quite tired after a while and candidly a bit forced. No matter the topic, the big reveal was the same, which is a little too simplistic for my taste. Candidly, the data/quotes/etc. started to feel cherry-picked to prove a hypothesis vs. an unbiased representation of the data.On a similar vein, Fischer layers in more than his fair share of value-judgments in what purported to be largely an objective compilation. It's pretty clear that Fischer has an affinity that leans toward socialism / progressiveness. I could care less what his politics are - I was simply hoping for an objective presentation of information that would educate me on NZ. Instead, I felt like I was at a coffee shop meeting of liberal academics who live in their own bubble and don't even realize it. I would have prefer much less editorializing.Net-net, you could read the first 20 pages on the book, stop there, and get what you want from it. If you read the whole thing (as I did), then I suspect you'll walk away bored and disappointed (as I did).
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